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Helicopter Drop of Money - Is It Feasible in Practice?
Gábrišová, Nela ; Holub, Tomáš (advisor) ; Adam, Tomáš (referee)
The main goal of this thesis is to discuss the famous Milton Friedman's concept of Helicopter Drop of Money in context of its applicability in the real world as a possible solution to liquidity trap. For better understanding, the thesis briefly de- scribes conduct of traditional and unconventional monetary policies. Key focus is put on describing assumptions necessary for the concept to yield desirable economic outcomes, and on detailed analysis of periods when zero lower bound on nominal interest rates is binding. Furthermore, roles of agents involved in execution of the concept, and important channels of transmission process are discussed from idealised theoretical view to real world possibilities of feasible execution. Additionally, prac- tical experience with direct cash distribution in Australia, and with quantitative easing programmes in Japan and the USA are explained. The last part analyses effects of increased monetary base on CPI inflation, money multiplier M2, and GDP in Japan and the USA using vector autoregression. JEL Classificiation E31, E43, E51, E52 Keywords Helicopter drop of money, quantitative easing, monetary base, liquidity trap, zero lower bound Author's email nela.gabrisova@gmail.com Supervisor's email tomas.holub@cnb.cz
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Zero Interest Rates from the Perspective of Economic Theory
Behúnová, Kateřina ; Hába, Stanislav (advisor) ; Šíma, Ondřej (referee)
The objective of this bachelor thesis is to unify knowledge of zero interest rates which have been being mentioned in economic theory rather marginally until recently, yet their implementation is nowadays spread in a worldwide scale. After describing the functioning of interest rates as an instrument of monetary policy, a problem of a liquidity trap, which highly relates to zero interest rates, is examined from both the original point of view of J. M. Keynes and the contemporary one. Possible causes and consequences of implementing zero interest rates are stated afterwards. The final chapter enumerates options for monetary and fiscal policy to escape this situation.
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Helicopter Drop of Money - Is It Feasible in Practice?
Gábrišová, Nela ; Holub, Tomáš (advisor) ; Adam, Tomáš (referee)
The main goal of this thesis is to discuss the famous Milton Friedman's concept of Helicopter Drop of Money in context of its applicability in the real world as a possible solution to liquidity trap. For better understanding, the thesis briefly de- scribes conduct of traditional and unconventional monetary policies. Key focus is put on describing assumptions necessary for the concept to yield desirable economic outcomes, and on detailed analysis of periods when zero lower bound on nominal interest rates is binding. Furthermore, roles of agents involved in execution of the concept, and important channels of transmission process are discussed from idealised theoretical view to real world possibilities of feasible execution. Additionally, prac- tical experience with direct cash distribution in Australia, and with quantitative easing programmes in Japan and the USA are explained. The last part analyses effects of increased monetary base on CPI inflation, money multiplier M2, and GDP in Japan and the USA using vector autoregression. JEL Classificiation E31, E43, E51, E52 Keywords Helicopter drop of money, quantitative easing, monetary base, liquidity trap, zero lower bound Author's email nela.gabrisova@gmail.com Supervisor's email tomas.holub@cnb.cz
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The Effectiveness of Unconventional Monetary Policy Tools at the Zero Lower Bound: A DSGE Approach
Malovaná, Simona ; Holub, Tomáš (advisor) ; Franče, Václav (referee)
The central bank is not able to further ease monetary conditions once it ex- hausts the space for managing short-term policy rate. Then it has to turn its attention to unconventional measures. The thesis provides a discussion about the suitability of different unconventional policy tools in the Czech situation while the foreign exchange (FX) interventions have proven to be the most appropriate choice. A New Keynesian small open economy DSGE model estimated for the Czech Republic is enhanced to model the FX interventions and to compare dif- ferent monetary policy rules at the zero lower bound (ZLB). The thesis provides three main findings. First, the volatility of the real and nominal macroeconomic variables is magnified in the response to the domestic demand shock, the for- eign financial shock and the foreign inflation shock. Second, the volatility of prices decreases significantly if the central bank adopts price-level or exchange rate targeting rule. Third, intervening to fix the nominal exchange rate on some particular target or to correct a misalignment of the real exchange rate from its fundamentals serves as a good stabilizer of prices while intervening to smooth the nominal exchange rate movements increases the overall macroeconomic volatility at the ZLB. 1
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Quantitative easing - A Policy of Interest Rates Close to Zero
Celer, Martin ; Potužák, Pavel (advisor) ; Slaný, Martin (referee)
This diploma thesis describes the Quantitative easing as an unconvetional tool of the monetary policy. In the first chapter of this thesis there is theoretical analysis of the zero lower bound and also of specific phenomenon that might occur in this situation (the liquidity trap). The second chapter deals with the quantitative easing as a monetary policy with focus on the United States. It summarizes its development during three so called rounds, during which the quantitative easing has been used. This chapter also contains analysis of the entrance and exit strategy of the quantitative easing. In the third chapter, there is an econometric model estimated by ordinary least squares method with robust errors. This model is being used to verify the hypothesis whether the quantitative easing lowered long-term interest rates. The hypothesis has been rejected as the quantitative easing does not have statistically significant effect on any selected long-term bonds.
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Foreing Exchange Intervention of the CNB and their short-term impact on foreign trade
Zubíková, Adéla ; Chytil, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Štěpánek, Pavel (referee)
This thesis analyzes the causes and effects of foreign exchange intervention of Czech National Bank (CNB) in November 2013. Instrument of foreign exchange interventions was chosen because of the limited effectiveness of other instruments of monetary expansion, when the economy is in the liquidity trap. Due to the current low interest rates it's not possible to draw on the experience of using the CNB's foreign exchange interventions between 2001 and 2002, the work therefore presents a comparison of short-term interventions impact with the impact of foreign exchange interventions in Switzerland, whose motive for the announcement of the foreign exchange rate commitment was similar. Based on the analysis of macroeconomic variables before and after the initiation of interventions is examined the hypothesis that foreign exchange interventions didn't have a significant impact on the domestic economy in the short term. Part of this work is to analyze the impact of interventions on foreign trade. Thesis verifies the hypothesis that short-term impact of foreign exchange interventions was consistent with the concept of J-curve. To verify this hypothesis is used time series analysis for selected commodities of foreign trade. The results of the study confirm a hypothesis as the weak impact of the intervention on the domestic economy and the validity of the concept of J-curve for the majority of selected commodities.
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The impact of Czech national bank foreign exchange interventions on czech economy during 2014
Hladík, Tomáš ; Vostrovská, Zdenka (advisor) ; Řežábek, Pavel (referee)
This thesis analyzes development of selected macroeconomic indicators in the last two years. Czech National Bank selected foreign exchange interventions as the most suitable instrument for further easing of monetary policy and the main reason for their initiation was the risk of deflation at the beginning of 2014. This research compares condition of Czech economy in the period before interventions and then one year after. By combining data analysis with theoretical findings I reached the conclusion that interventions could not affect price developments in such a short period of time. On the other hand, other indicators showed significant improvement, which supported economic growth during 2014.
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Eurozone crisis and its parallel with japanese lost decade
Draisaitl, Michael ; Loužek, Marek (advisor) ; Titze, Miroslav (referee)
The thesis analyses problems of eurozone after the beginning of financial crisis in 2008, which continuously changed into economic and debt crisis. The thesis considers eurozone in aggregate and closer focuses on so called GIIPS (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain) countries. Recent eurozone economic situation is compared to Japanese "lost decade" during 1990s, I seek for parallels and differences. Theoretical part shows approaches by economic schools to causes of cycle and to role of policymakers. Main challenges of fiscal and monetary policy are considered, specifically fiscal policy in time of high public indebtedness, monetary policy in liquidity trap etc. Applicative part considers causes of the economic situation at the beginning, more specifically devoted to balance sheets recession. Key part of the practical part it is analysis of applied fiscal and monetary policy, including helping efforts to financial system. Concluding remarks summarizes key understanding from the thesis, proposals are included and it is considered whether eurozone is going to follow Japanese path since 90's or not. It seems highly probable that eurozone is going to follow Japanese in terms of sluggish economic growth, parallels can be seen in weak impact of monetary policy in liquidity trap, but recommendations to fiscal policy from Japanese experience should be taken into account in very cautious way because of both specifics of eurozone and Japanese economy.
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External Balance of Southern European Countries within the Context of the Global Economic Crisis.
Rakouský, Tomáš ; Hnát, Pavel (advisor) ; Jiránková, Martina (referee)
This diploma thesis focuses on changes in the external balance of Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain in the period of financial and economic crisis after 2008. The theoretical framework is based on an exact definition of external balance, ultimately as neither surplus nor deficit of a relevant balance in terms of balance of payments. Potential impacts of monetary and fiscal policies on the external balance are described there as well, using the IS-LM-BP model. The second part of the thesis, which employs this theory, is mainly based on an analysis of relevant balances of payments of the aforementioned countries, focusing on their external balance in the period before as well as during the economic crisis. The aim of the analysis is to identify the main causes of external imbalance in the Southern European countries and to find out whether these played a key role as a trigger and accelerator in their recession after 2008. Specific changes during the crisis identified in balances of payments will also be depicted in the IS-LM-BP model. Leading to the conclusion, the outcomes of a correlation analysis are used as well, looking into causal relationships between specific balance of payments variables on the one hand, and macroeconomic variables on the other. A minor part also deals with the role played in this context by the TARGET2 payment system and answers the question to which extent this system took part in the elimination of the external imbalance of the Southern European countries during the crisis.
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Causes and impact of deflation in Japan
Burdová, Ivana ; Stuchlíková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Machytka, Daniel (referee)
Bankruptcy of speculative asset bubble at the very beginning of the nineties created deflationary environment in Japan. Deflation fully revealed itself in second half of the nineties along with structural problems. At the same time appeared a problem of credit crunch and liquidity trap appeared. Although Japanese central bank and government tried to fight deflation, they didn't succeed in definitely overcoming the deflation. Nevertheless the zero interest rate policy and the quantitative easing policy had positive impact. They prevented Japan from slipping in deflationary spiral, on which edge Japan stood several times. Presently there is a speculation about positive prospect for overcoming deflation once and for all. With new aggressive policy of central bank and current prime minister, the atmosphere on whole Japanese market has already improved. However, the uncertainty persist because of planned increase of consumption tax, which could bring problems in an extreme case.
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